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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCM Greenhouse Gas Reduction Update 2011CITY OFaAgenda Item No: 4. b. ft Meeting Date: July 1, 2013 Department: CITY MANAGER Prepared by: Cory Bytof, Sustainability and Volunteer Program Coordinator City Manager Approval - SUBJECT: RECEIVE AND ACCEPT REPORTS AND PRESENTATIONS ON THE 2010 GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY AND THE GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGY ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2011 RECOMMENDATION: Accept the following two documents: 1. 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy Annual Report for 2011 BACKGROUND: This staff report addresses two recently completed greenhouse gas emissions reports. The first is the 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Inventory), which is done every five years and is meant to provide an in-depth assessment of emissions for the community and government operations. The second is the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy Annual Report for 2011 (2011 Report), and is meant to provide a means to gauge our efforts as they relate to our Climate Change Action Plan. Each has its own merits and limitations, which will be explained later in this report. Regulatory Context Since 2005, the State of California has responded to growing concerns over the effects of climate change by adopting a comprehensive approach to addressing emissions in the public and private sectors. This approach was officially initiated with the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), which requires the state to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The AB 32 Scoping Plan was developed to identify strategies for meeting the AB 32 goal, and was adopted by the California Air Resources Board in December 2008. Among many other strategies, it encourages local governments to reduce emissions in their jurisdictions by 15 percent below current levels by 2020, and discussed longer-term goals established by Executive Order S-3-05 to reduce emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. GHG Inventories are done every five years to gauge emissions by local jurisdictions, FOR CITY CLERK ONLY File No.: —IS -1 Council Meeting: t-aEy Disposition: SAN RAFAEL CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT / Page: 2 In 88O R8f88[ former Mayor Al BOPD signed the U.S. CODfeP8DC8 Of W18yo[S C|iDlGt8 Protection Agreement iO2OO8.committing the City |Owork toward meeting the goals Ofthe Kyoto Protocol, and setting 8 course for San Rafael to engage in 8DliSSiODS reduction 8C{iViU8S. In 2008 the City developed its first GHG Inventory for the calendar year 2OO5, providing 8 baseline to measure emissions reductions and set targets for future reductions. The San Rafael Climate Change Action P|@O \. adopted by the City Council in April 2009 and subsequently iDCO[pO[8t8d into the OdvS General Pk3O in 2011. lays out goals and i[Op|8OleO[GtiOD strategies for reducing GHG eOliSSiOOS in @CCOnd8DC8 with State-wide goals. San RatGe|'S CCAP includes 8 15% reduction from i0p(80eDUOg [|[|AP prOg[8nOS and an additional 10% ''StFe[Ch" reduction by 2020 from CUOlU|8UV9 f8d8[@|. St8t8. regional and community actions. 2010 Greenhouse Gas Invento The objective of this Inventory is to identify the sources and quantify the amounts of GHG eDliSGi0OS generated by the activities of the San Rafael coOlDlUOdv and local gVveO1[D8Dt operations in 2010. This inventory provides 3 CO0p@hgOO to baseline 2005 e0iSSi0DS, and identifies the sectors where significant [8dUCtiVDS in GHG 8DliSSiODS have OCCUrnSd and where more work needs tObSdone. In 2007. the City Of 88n Rafael became an inaugural DleDlbe[ of the K4GhO (||iDlatH & Energy Partnership (MCEP) VVhOSe mission is to reduce g[8HOhOVs8 gas e[DiSSiOO /eV8|S to the targets Of Marin COUDtv and |OC8| DluOiCip@|ib9S' consistent with the S&@Od8FdS set byAB32. Ten K4@[iO Cities and tOVVOS. the COUOiy Of K48[iO. the Transportation Authority Of K4G[iD' and the K4a[iD K4uOiCip8| VV8t8r District are nO8rDbe[S. MCEP provided staff support and t8ChOiCG| expertise for the development Ofthe Inventory. Funding for this project was pnJvided in part by the yWa[iD Energy Watch Partnership, 8 'ViDi project of Pacific Gas 8Od Electric Company (PG&E)and the County Of K48[iO funded by California utility [3tep8y8nS under the GUSpiCeS of the California Public i]U|iii8s CoDlDliGSiOO (CPUC). Greenhouse Gas Reduction StrateqV Annual Report for 2011 ODJuly 18.2011,the City Council adopted 8resolution amending the CCAPhvincluding G Greenhouse Gas F{edUCUOD Strategy 8S8n appendix [Othe CCAP. This Strategy meets both the California Environmental Quality Act (CEClA)and Bay Area Air Quality Management District (B/VA[}K4O) guidance and expectations for 3 Qualified GPe8OhOVSe Gas Reduction Strategy. It cO0DlitS the City to CCAP i0pl808Dt8bOD VVhi|C providing a v@|U8b|e streamlining b]O| for reviewing new development and building projects to d8nlOOStr8te that they CODlp|y with Gr88OhOU3e Gas Reduction Strategy DlHasU[88 through UU|iz8iiOO 0f8 CODlp|i8OCe checklist. San Rafael is currently the only |OC@( jurisdiction in KA8riO County with 8 Qualified GneHOhOUS8 Gas Reduction Strategy, and subsequently the only one expected tOdV8Oannual report. The 2011 Report provides the City Council with an overview of community -wide emissions 8S well as status of City actions accomplished in that year. This is the first report issued for the GHG Reduction Strategy, and COVenS c@|8Od@r year 2011. It was prepared by PMC, a planning, environmental, and nlUniCip8| services COOSUldOg hr[O that was initially contracted by the City to draft the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy. 2O12data will not beavailable from utilities and other sources until the end of 2013. Since it was dQO8 in concert with the 2010 |OVeOtOn/' PMC was 8b|8 to YVOrh with MCEP and merge data from the Inventory into the 2011 Report. This collaboration produced a more robust set of reports and methodologies that can be utilized in the future h3ensure app|eS-0O-Gpp|eScomparisons between the two, 8Swell 8Sfor future GHG |Dv8Ok]rie8. SAN RAFAEL CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT / Page: 3 ANALYSIS: As stated above, this staff report addresses two related reports with distinct purposes. The 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory helps us identify reductions in specific sectors and allows data aggregation by the state or regional entities to get an overall understanding of GHG emissions aCn3SS California. It also C3|CU|ates government operations eDlis8i0DS, based on data which requires significant amounts Vfstaff time iOgather. The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy AODU8| Report for 2011 helps US OD8iDi8in our CE[lA Stne@Dl(iDiOg tO0| for development projects, and iSmeant tOupdate the Council OOSan Rat39|`Simplementation actions related b]the CCAP. 2010 GHG Inventory Results The Inventory provides two in-depth snapshots in time: 2005 and 2010. Between those two y98[S, CUDlrDUDitv Bn1iSSiODS went down 3pp[0XDl8t8|y 8.1 p8[C9Dt. VVhU8 San R8f8e|'S government operations emissions went down approximately 19.2 percent. Community emissions take into account all emissions iDSan Rafael, including government operations. Government operations represent a small fraction, only about 1 %, of total community 8DniSSiOOS. Community emissions included significant reductions iDthe commercial energy sector, the transportation sector, the waste sector, and the water sector. The majority OferRiSSiOOS reductions were due U}state policies such 8Sthe California clean car fuel standards and requirements for utility companies tO provide more renewable energy in their portfolios. In addition the reduction in vehicle miles travelled contributed to emissions reductions, presumably due to the ecOOOnOiC dOVYOLu[D. Last, although VV8Ste is 8 SDlal| portion of the Ome[a|| GHG emissions, there was 8significant drop iDwaste going tVlandfill thanks i0local efforts t0get [O z8[O vv8Ste' as well as reduction of waste due to the dovVDtU[D in the economy. Government operations emissions reductions occurred iDthe following sectors: employee CUrDDlUhS, water delivery, public lighting, buildings and f8Ci|iU8S, and vehicle fleet. The majority of emissions reductions were due to a reduction in number of City employees, and the increase 0frenewable energy iDthe PG&E energy mix 8swell 8Sthe switch tOthe Marin Clean Energy Light G[88D power option for the City 8O8ngy supply. It ShOUN be noted that although eDliSSi0OS went down, electricity consumption went up by six percent and natural gas consumption went Upby10percent. These increases were due iDpart t0the fact that one major f8Ci|itv.iheA|b8rt J. BOnJ Community Center (then C@||ed PicWeVve8d Community Center) was undergoing @ major renovation in 2005 and was not fully operational as it was in 2010. The only governmental sector where emissions increased was the waste sector, which increased hv12percent. Waste increases were due UJ@spike iDthe City's removal Ofillegal dumping and homeless campsites, both of which increased significantly between 2005 and 2O1U� |Oconclusion, this Inventory is@useful snapshot ofour early years of G0Greduction, but iS limited in that it only provides two points Of data, and therefore affords very |hƒ|8 trending ability. That said there are some clear change factors that should provide further community emissions n8duC[iOOS in the future: state policies driving increases in renewable energy and more fuel- efficient vehicles, and |oC@/ actions tOswitch tO Marin C|H8O Energy. In addition, efforts by the City to improve energy efficiency and increase vehicle fleet fuel efficiency should also provide additional emissions reductions 8tthe local government level. SAN RAFAEL CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT / Page: 4 2011 GHG Reduction Strate-gy Report Results The 2011 Report provides broad category, best -estimate emissions data for the years 2OU5- 2U11 based ODpublicly available data, with limited calculations for each year. This data shows an OVH[8|| reduction Of 8ppnOxirO8t8iy 13% during that time, including an appn]XiDl8t0 5% reduction between 2O1Oand 2O11.Major 8F8@SOfe0iSSiODSP8dUCUODs are iDconcert with the Inventory results. This report only deals with community emissions since BAAQMD has primarily focused on reducing community emissions and due to the time -intensive nature of data gathering associated with government operations. Emissions iDk}00atiVO for large sectors is more readily available through energy providers and other utilities, but is usually not available until one to one and 8half years after the end Ofthe calendar year. The 2011 Report also identifies areas Ofimplementation the City has accomplished O[iS CU[n3nUy engaged in. FOUOVYOg are the major i[Op|SOleDtatiOD p[Og[8DlS and policies the City has undertaken since the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy was put in place that are most likely to have an impact on GHG emissions: ° Participation in Marin Clean Energy, and enrollment of City facilities in Light Green power option • Energy-efficient lighting F8t[OftS in City buildings, street lights, and parking garages * Authorization of a Memorandum of Understanding with the Solar SEED Fund projecttD provide solar installations @tCity facilities * New energy-efficient HVAC iO8ta||8UOD 8tCity hall ° Support and coordination of the Greening for Profit and Resilient Neighborhoods prOgF8DlS * Support Ofthe solar feed -in tariff installation 8tthe San Rafael Airport * Coordination ofSMART Station Area Planning w |DSt8||8dOO Ofelectric vehicle charging stations ° Implementation of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements such @Sthe Lincoln Avenue/Highway 1O1 Bike and Pedestrian Path and re -opening Ofthe Ca|Pa[h lFUDD8l • Implementation Ofresidential curbside composting program * CorDD1enCiQ|/OlU|tif8rDi|y recycling OFdiO@DC8 outreach ° Adoption Ofconstruction and demolition (C&D) debris recycling and reuse ordinance ~ Approval DfFood to Energy project, 8commercial food waste collection pR}g[8[D in conjunction with Marin Sanitary Service and Central Marin Sanitation Agency In conclusion, the City has made significant progress towards implementation of its CCAP, and has a strong commitment toward continuing to implement policies and programs. The formation of the City Council Sustainability Subcommittee and its adoption of 2013 Priorities, in addition to the C0UOCi|'S decision to have staff dedicated to sustainability, d8[DOD8tr8[8S that CVDlDlitDleOt. |Oaddition, City management and staff across all departments have embraced 8sustainability ethos and have provided staff time and resources toward accomplishing our sustainability gO8|S. If emissions reductions continue at the current rate, the City will be able to accomplish its interim goal 0f825%reduction iDGHGemissions bv2U2O. However, since many Qfthe eDliSSiOOS reductions S88rD to be related to the economic downturn of the past seV8[@| years, 8 rebound in the economy could change the rate of reductions and require further actions to keep OD track. SAN RAFAEL CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT / Page: 5 FISCAL IMPACT: There iSno fiscal impact associated with accepting these informational reports. The City was able to produce these reports through its $2,000 annual membership in K8CEP and by leveraging K8a[iD Household and Hazardous Waste Joint Powers Authority Zero Waste Grant funds for consultant services. ATTACHMENTS: Attachment A: 2U1OGreenhouse Gas Inventory ATTACHMENT A 2010 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY July 2013 1MARIN 'CLIATEj Prepared by the & =, NE 2GY,; Marin Climate & Energy Partnership PARTNERSHIP CITY OpSAN RxpAEL Gary Phillips, Mayor Kate Colin, Councilmember Damon Connolly, Councilmember Barbara Heller, Councilmember Andrew McCullough, Councilmember Nancy Mackle, City Manager Jim Schutz, Assistant City Manager Paul Jensen, Community Development Director Cory Bytof, Sustainability and Volunteer Program Coordinator Rebecca Woodbury, Management Analyst MAn|mCLIMATE /& ENERGY PARTNERSHIP Christine O'Rourke, Sustainability Coordinator MAK|mENERGY VVATCHPARTNERSHIP Dana Armanino, Sustainability Planner Tammy Seale, Principal Leanne Singleton, LEAD AP PAC|qCGAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY John Joseph, Senior Program Manager Armando Navarro, Community Energy Manager Tonya Redfield, Senior Program Manager Matthew Sturm, Senior Program Manager |CLB-L0C«L GOvEnwmEmTSFOR SUSTAINABILITY USA Am/utaSudha|kar,Regional Associate BAY AREA AIR QUALITY K4AmAGEKx£NT DISTRICT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF INVENTORY GENERAL METHODOLOGY CALCULATING EMISSIONS TYPES OF EMISSIONS THE SCOPES FRAMEWORK ORGANIZATIONAL BOUNDARIES UNDERSTANDING TOTALS INFORMATION ITEMS REGIONAL AND LOCAL CONTEXT CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES IN CALIFORNIA THE MARIN CLIMATE AND ENERGY PARTNERSHIP CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES IN SAN RAFAEL COMMUNITY INVENTORY RESULTS SAN RAFAEL PROFILE COMMUNITY INVENTORY SUMMARY SUMMARY BY SECTOR SUMMARY BY SOURCE SUMMARY BY SCOPE PER CAPITA EMISSIONS COMMUNITY INVENTORY DETAIL BY SECTOR RESIDENTIAL SECTOR COMMERCIAL f INDUSTRIAL SECTOR TRANSPORTATION SECTOR OFF-ROAD SECTOR 11 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 WATER SECTOR 18 WASTEWATER SECTOR 19 WASTE SECTOR 19 OVERN E T OPERATIONS INVENTORY RESULTS 2 GOVERNMENT PROFILE 21 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY SUMMARY 21 SUMMARY BY SECTOR 21 SUMMARY BY SOURCE 22 SUMMARY BY SCOPE 23 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY DETAIL BY SECTOR 23 BUILDINGS AND OTHER FACILITIES 24 STREETLIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS 25 WATER DELIVERY 25 VEHICLE FLEET 26 WASTE 26 EMPLOYEE COMMUTE 27 CONCLUSION 2 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: COMMUNITY INVENTORY A-1 APPENDIX B: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY B-1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change, caused by an increase in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, has been called one of the greatest challenges facing society today. Potential climate change impacts include declining water supplies, spread of disease, diminished agricultural productivity, sea level rise, and increased incidence of wildfire, flooding, and landslides. In addition, the volatility of energy markets has roused concern, and is forcing communities to think differently about their resources. Here, in the State of California – with Assembly Bill 32, the Attorney General's efforts to mandate GHG reductions via the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and other legislation— policies, programs and state laws designed to reduce greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by the year 2020 have been created and are being implemented. In 2006 San Rafael was one of the early signatories to the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, committing the City to working towards meeting the goals of the Kyoto Protocol. To provide a roadmap on haw the City can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its own municipal operations as well as influence residents and businesses in San Rafael to reduce their emissions, the City Council called for the preparation of a Climate Change Action Plan. In March 2008 the City Council appointed a 14 -member Green Ribbon Committee composed of volunteers with diverse expertise but a common interest in sustainability to prepare a draft plan with extensive community input. The Council also appointed volunteer subject experts to four "Green Teams" which tackled issues such as transportation, waste reduction, land use, green building, energy conservation and adaptation. The result of this community planning effort is the San Rafael Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) which was adopted by the City Council on April 20, 2009. This document lays out the goals and implementation plan for achieving a 25% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) by 2020, and an ambitious 80% reduction by 2050 to meet state targets. The Implementation Plan is broken down into several distinct areas of action: Lifestyles, Buildings, Environment, Economy, Community Outreach, and City Operations. This report measures the progress the City has made on reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 2005 and 2010. In some cases, changes have been made to the baseline year calculations in order to ensure an apples -to - apples comparison of emissions between 2005 and 2010. The inventory quantifies greenhouse gas emissions from a wide variety of sources, from the energy used to power, heat and cool buildings, to the fuel used to move vehicles and power off-road equipment, to the decomposition of solid waste and the treatment of wastewater. Emissions are arranged by sector to facilitate detailed analysis of emissions sources and comparison of increases and decreases between 2005 and 2010. It is important to note that the inventory provides a snapshot of two years and does not intend to imply there is necessarily a trend line between those years. Total emissions may have gone up or down during the years between 2005 and 2010. The encouraging news is that San Rafael reduced community greenhouse gas emissions approximately 8.11 between 2005 and 2010, from 375,845 metric tons in 2005 to 345,516 metric tons in 2010 – a reduction of 30,329 metric tons CO2e. Reductions were measured in all sectors except the wastewater sector. On a percentage basis, the greatest declines occurred in the waste (-34%), water (-31%), and commercial (-151) sectors. In absolute terms, the greatest reductions were made in the commercial (13,403 metric tons), transportation (9,479 metric tons), and waste (4,376 metric tons) sectors. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory f TABLE A: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2005 AND 2010 *Energy use only In the commercial and residential energy sectors, an increase in natural gas usage was offset by reductions in electricity consumption. Emissions dropped because of an improvement in the carbon intensity of PG&E electricity and a mid -year switch to Marin Energy Authority Electricity. Approximately 6% of electricity consumed in San Rafael in 2010 was purchased through the Marin Energy Authority. In the transportation sector, a decline in vehicle miles traveled on local roads and Highway 101, as well as improvements in fuel efficiency and the carbon intensity of transportation fuels, led to a decline in in transportation emissions. The great strides that were made in the waste sector were due to a 31% reduction in waste going to the landfill. A 31% decrease in fuel used in construction vehicles and equipment was the primary driver behind the reduction in off-road emissions, while a decrease in water usage and an improvement in the carbon intensity of electricity led to a decline in water emissions. More detailed analysis of the factors related to decreases and increases in emissions appears in the Community Inventory Detail by Sector section beginning on page 14. As shown in Figure A, emissions from the transportation sector were responsible for the greatest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions (49%) in 2010, followed by emissions from the residential sector (25%) and the commercial sector (22%). The waste sector represented 2% of total emissions, while the wastewater, off-road and water sectors were each responsible for 1% or less of community emissions. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory FIGURE A: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2010 Commercial Waste 2° Wastewater 1% Water <15 Off -Road 1% dentia) 15% aportation 49% Government operations represent a small fraction of total community emissions, at approximately 1%. Within government operations, emissions decreased by 768 metric tons COze, or by 19.2%. Emissions decreased in all sectors except the waste sector, with the majority of reductions occurring in the employee commute sector (-37%), water delivery sector (-29%) and public lighting sector (-21%). More than three-quarters of the reductions occurred in the employee commute sector, which was due, in part, to a 15% reduction in the number of City employees between 2005 and 2010. Excluding employee commute emissions, total emissions from government operations decreased by 10.2%. Most of the decrease in the other sectors was due to a decrease in the carbon intensity of electricity supplied by Pacific Gas and Electric and the Marin Energy Authority. TABLE B: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2005 AND 2010 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ( �a FIGURE B: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2010 Employee Waste 7% Water Deliv 2% Buildings & [:";I;ties 3% Park Lighting 15% iicle Fleet 27% In conclusion, these results demonstrate that San Rafael is on its way to accomplishing its greenhouse gas reduction goals for community -wide and government operations emissions. If emissions continue to decrease at the current rate, San Rafael would achieve a reduction in community emissions of 22% by 2020, 7% more than the State goals, and 3% shy of the City's goal of 25%. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions InventoryIT PURPOSE OF INVENTORY The objective of this greenhouse gas emissions inventory is to identify the sources and quantify the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the activities of the San Rafael community and local government operations in 2010. This inventory provides a comparison to baseline 2005 emissions, and identifies the sectors where significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions have occurred and where more work needs to be done. In some instances, baseline emissions were recalculated in order to ensure the same methodology was employed for 2005 and 2010. In addition, some new emission sources were added to the inventory; this report includes emissions from residential use of propane and fugitive emissions from refrigerants used in government operations. GENERAL METHODOLOGY This inventory utilizes methodologies developed by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and ICLEI for quantifying community -scale emissions. In general, the inventory follows the standards outlined in the International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol and, where appropriate, the Local Government Operations Protocol (discussed below), with additional guidance from the Air District with respect to quantifying emissions from the transportation, off-road, water and wastewater sectors. Community emissions have been categorized according to seven primary sectors: ■ Residential ■ Commercial • Transportation ■ Off -Road Vehicles and Equipment ■ Water ■ Wastewater ■ Waste For quantifying emissions from government operations, this inventory utilizes a national standard called the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGO Protocol) that has been developed and adopted by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) in conjunction with ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, the California Climate Action Registry and The Climate Registry. This standard provides accounting principles, boundaries, quantification methods and procedures for reporting greenhouse gas emissions from local government operations. The LGO Protocol forms the basis of ICLEI's Clean Air & Climate Protection Software (CACP 2009), which allows local governments to compile data and perform the emissions calculations using standardized methods. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Local government operations emissions have been categorized according to the following sectors: ■ Buildings and Other Facilities ■ Streetlights, Traffic Signals, and Other Public Lighting ■ Water Delivery Facilities ■ Vehicle Fleet • Solid Waste ■ Employee Commute CALCULATING EMISSIONS In general, emissions can be quantified in two ways: 1. Measurement -based methodologies refer to the direct measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from a monitoring system. Emissions measured in this way may include those from a flue of a power plant, wastewater treatment plant, landfill, or industrial facility. This method is the most accurate way of inventorying emissions from a given source, but is generally available for only a few sources of emissions. 2. Calculation -based methodologies refer to an estimate of emissions calculated based upon measurable activity data and emission factors. Table 1 provides examples of common emissions calculations. For example, in order to calculate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from community electricity consumption, the total amount of kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity consumed by the community over a one-year period is multiplied by an emission factor specific to that source. This results in the amount of carbon dioxide gas emitted by electricity consumption in that year. All emissions inventoried in this report are calculated in this manner. TABLE 1: FACTORS FOR CALCULATING EMISSIONS This inventory calculates individual greenhouse gases — e.g., carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide — and converts each gas emission to a standard metric, known as "carbon dioxide equivalents" or CO2e, in order to allow an apple -to -apples comparison among the three emissions. Table 2 shows the greenhouse gases identified in this inventory and their global warming potential (GWP), a measure of the amount of warming each gas causes when compared to a similar amount of carbon dioxide. Methane, for example, is 21 times as potent as carbon dioxide; therefore, one metric ton of methane is equivalent to 21 metric tons of carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gas emissions are reported in this inventory as metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents, or MTCO2e. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory TABLE 2: GREENHOUSE GASES TYPES of EMISSIONS Emissions from each of the greenhouse gases can come in a number of forms: ■ Stationary or mobile combustion resulting from the on-site combustion of fuels (natural gas, diesel, gasoline, etc.) to generate heat or electricity, or to power vehicles and equipment. ■ Purchased electricity resulting from the generation of power from utilities outside the city limits. ■ Fugitive emissions resulting from the unintentional release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as leaked refrigerants and methane from waste decomposition. ■ Process emissions from physical or chemical processing of a material, such as wastewater treatment. THE SCOPES €F-RAr'IiEt=1/ORK This inventory reports greenhouse gas emission by sector, as described earlier in this report, and by "scope." The scope framework is used to prevent double counting of emissions across communities for major categories such as electricity use and waste disposal. Scopes are defined as follows: ■ Scope 1: Direct emissions from the combustion of fuels to produce heat, steam, electricity or to power equipment; mobile combustion of fuels; process emissions from physical or chemical processing; fugitive emissions that result from production, processing, transmission, storage and use of fuels; leaked refrigerants; and other sources. ■ Scope 2: Indirect emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling. Scope 2 emissions occur as a result of activities that take place within the city limits but are generated outside of the town. For example, electricity from Pacific Gas & Electric Company is consumed within San Rafael but the greenhouse gasses associated with this consumption are emitted outside of the city where the electricity is generated. ■ Scope 3: All other emissions sources that hold policy relevance to the local government that can be measured and reported. Typically, these are emissions not covered in Scope 2 that occur as a result of activities within the city. Scope 3 emissions include (but are not limited to) emissions resulting from the decomposition of solid waste, the treatment and distribution of water, and the treatment of wastewater at facilities located outside of the city boundaries. Within the government operations inventory, Scope 3 emissions also include emissions resulting from employee commutes. _=San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory j ORGAN IATIONAL BOUND RIES The organizational boundary for the inventory determines which aspects of operations are included in the emissions inventory, and which are not. Under the LGO Protocol, two control approaches are used for reporting emissions: operational control or financial control. A local government has operational control if it has full authority to introduce and implement policies that impact the operation. A local government has financial control if the operation is fully consolidated in financial accounts. If a local government has joint control over an operation, the contractual agreement will have to be examined to see who has authority over operating policies and implementation, and thus the responsibility to report emissions under operational control. The LGO Protocol strongly encourages local governments to utilize operational control as the organizational boundary for a local government operations emission inventory. Operational control is believed to most accurately represent the emissions sources that local governments can most directly influence, and this boundary is consistent with other environmental and air quality reporting program requirements. For this reason, this inventory for local government operations emissions was conducted according to the operational control framework. UNDERSTANDING TOTALS It is important to realize that the totals listed in the tables and discussed in the report are intended to represent all-inclusive, complete totals for San Rafael's community emissions. However, these totals are only a summation of inventoried emissions using available estimation methods. Each inventoried sector may have additional emissions sources associated with them that were unaccounted for, due to a lack of data or robust quantification methods. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with air travel and the production of goods outside the community's boundary are not included in the inventory. Additionally, the community inventory does not include refrigerants released into the atmosphere from the use of air conditioning in cars and buildings. INFORMATION ITEMS Information items are emissions sources that are not included as Scope 1, 2, or 3 emissions in the inventory, but are reported here separately in order to provide a more complete picture of emissions from San Rafael's government operations. Information items for this inventory include one parks department vehicle using the refrigerant R-12, refrigerators and freezers using the refrigerants R-12 and R-22, and air conditioning systems and units using the refrigerant R-22. These refrigerants are not included in the inventory because they are ozone- depleting substances and are being phased out by 2020 under the terms of the Montreal Protocol. TABLE 3: INFORMATION ITEMS, 2010 --c" San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory I =_ REGIONAL AND LOCAL CONTEXT CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES 'IN CALIFORNIA Since 2005, the State of California has responded to growing concerns over the effects of climate change by adopting a comprehensive approach to addressing emissions in the public and private sectors. This approach was officially initiated with the passage of the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), which requires the state to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The AB 32 Scoping Plan was developed to identify strategies for meeting the AB 32 goal, and was adopted by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) in December 2008. Among many other strategies, it encourages local governments to reduce emissions in their jurisdictions by 15 percent below current levels by 2020. In addition, it identifies the following strategies that will impact local governance: ■ Develop a California cap -and -trade program ■ Expand energy efficiency programs ■ Establish and seek to achieve reduction targets for transportation -related GHG emissions ■ Expand the use of green building practices ■ Increase waste diversion, composting, and commercial recycling toward zero -waste ■ Continue water efficiency programs and use cleaner energy sources to move and treat water ■ Reduce methane emissions at landfills Preserve forests that sequester carbon dioxide Other measures taken by the state include mandating stronger vehicle emissions standards (AB 1493, 2002), establishing a low -carbon fuel standard (EO # S-01-07, 2007), mandating a climate adaptation plan for the state (S - EO # 13-08, 2008), establishing a Green Collar Job Council, and establishing a renewable energy portfolio standard for power generation or purchase in the state. The state also has made a number of legislative and regulatory changes that have significant implications for local governments: ■ SB 97 (2007) required the Office of Planning and Research to create greenhouse gas planning guidelines for the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). In addition, ARB is tasked with creating energy -use and transportation thresholds in CEQA reviews, which require local governments to account for greenhouse gas emissions when reviewing project applications. ■ AB 811 (2007) authorizes all local governments in California to establish special districts that can be used to finance solar or other renewable energy improvements to homes and businesses in their jurisdiction. ■ SB 375 (2008) revises the process of regional transportation planning by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), which are governed by elected officials from local jurisdictions. The statute calls on ARB to establish regional transportation -related greenhouse gas targets and requires the large MPOs to develop regional "Sustainable Communities Strategies" of land use, housing and transportation policies that will move the region towards its GHG target. The statute stipulates that transportation investments must be consistent with the Sustainable Communities Strategy and provides CEQA streamlining for local development projects that are consistent with the Strategy. Created in 2007, the mission of the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership (MCEP) is to reduce greenhouse gas emission levels to the targets set by Marin County and focal municipalities, consistent with the AB32 standards. Ten Marin cities and towns, the County of Marin, the Transportation Authority of Marin, and the Marin Municipal Water District are members. The Marin Climate and Energy Partnership provided staff support and technical San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory expertise for the development of this inventory. Funding for this project was provided in part by the Marin County Energy Watch (MCEW), a joint project of Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) and the County of Marin.l CLIMATE CHANGE MIT GAT! N ACTIVITIES IN SAN RAFAEL Since approval of the San Rafael Climate Change Action Plan in April 2009, the City has continued to implement greenhouse gas reduction programs in San Rafael. These include the following: ■ Adopted a Green Building Ordinance with building efficiency standards above the State green building and energy codes. ■ Adopted a construction and demolition (C&D) debris recycling and reuse ordinance that requires a minimum of 70% of C&D waste to be recycled rather than deposited into the landfill. The ordinance incrementally increases diversion requirements until targets meet 95% by the end of 2025. ■ Adopted a Zero Waste resolution that commits the City to reaching a 94% diversion rate by 2025. • In partnership with Marin Sanitary Service, implemented residential curbside food waste collection. The program reduces methane emissions by composting food waste instead of depositing it into the landfill. ■ Adopted a resolution supporting a joint project by the Central Marin Sanitation Agency and the Marin Sanitary Service to collect commercial food waste and convert it to energy at the wastewater treatment plant. ■ Participated in the Energy Upgrade California program, which provided substantial rebates to homeowners to perform energy audits and "whole house" energy upgrade retrofits. ■ Joined the Marin Energy Authority and provided San Rafael ratepayers with the ability to purchase electricity with a higher renewable energy content. ■ In mid -2010, switched all City electricity accounts to Marin Clean Energy light green electricity. Approximately 53% of the City's electricity was purchased through the Marin Energy Authority in 2010. ■ Implemented Marin Municipal Water District's Ordinance 421 which added, amended, and repealed certain sections of MMWD's Title 13 Water Code. The revisions were necessary to further meet conservation measures within the District's service area, as well as meet 2010 California Green Building Standards, improve the effectiveness of the District's water waste prevention program, and increase efficiency standards. ■ Installed charging stations for plug-in electric vehicles in City garages. ■ Led a county -wide Single Use Plastics Advisory Committee to investigate options for reduction of single use plastic bags and takeout containers. Continuing to pursue a plastic bag reduction ordinance county- wide. ■ Adopted a polystyrene takeout food container ordinance. ■ Adopted an Integrated Pest Management Policy. ■ Amended San Rafael's General Plan to incorporate the Climate Change Action Plan as a Sustainability Element. ■ Has implemented bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure improvements such as the Lincoln Avenue/Highway 101 Bike and Pedestrian Path, city-wide sidewalk and curb cut improvements, participation in the FHA's Non -Motorized Transportation Pilot Program, support of Safe Routes to Schools, and re -opening the CalPark Tunnel. ■ Joined the CaliforniaFIRST commercial property -assessed clean energy financing program (PACE). j MCEW is funded by California utility ratepayers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ■ Helped pilot a Resilient Neighborhoods residential carbon reduction program. 46 San Rafael households participated in the program, reducing their carbon emissions by approximately 493,000 pounds. ■ Hosted a business resiliency learning circles series in conjunction with Dominican University, the Chamber of Commerce, and Natural Capitalism Solutions, with funding by the Marin Community Foundation. 23 local businesses participated and were provided tools and resources to reduce their emissions while reducing their costs of doing business. • Supported the Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) efforts to bring commuter rail to the 101 corridor through a public planning process for the station areas. ■ Implemented traffic signal coordination to limit vehicle idling in San Rafael. ■ Implemented recycling at City sponsored events and farmers markets. • Supports community gardens such as the new Canal Community Garden project in the Canal Neighborhood. ■ Has replaced the City Hall HVAC system to a more energy efficient system. ■ Has replaced City pool vehicles with fuel efficient vehicles. ■ Has been replacing hundreds of street lights to high -efficiency lamps, as well as lighting in City buildings and parking garages, and has replaced all outdoor holiday lighting with LED lights, reducing electricity use and costs. ■ Instituted an Employee Green Team in 2010, which works regularly across departments to implement green practices, and piloted an Employee Commute Program in 2013 in an effort to reduce single occupant vehicle employee commutes. ■ Adopted energy efficiency ordinances to make it easier for residents and businesses to install solar panels, and developed a Qualified Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategy to allow CEQA streamlining of new development and building projects. ■ Supported EcoFair Marin and Earth Day Marin festivals. ■ Signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Solar SEED Project to be the lead agency in a solar procurement program in the North Bay with the intention of installing solar panels on city facilities in the coming year. ■ Eliminated plastic water bottles from City facilities and operations, and instituted an environmentally sensitive cleaning products policy for City departments. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory COMMUNITY INVENTORY RESULTS SAN RAFAEL PROFILE San Rafael is a city with a land area of 16.5 square miles, located in the heart of Marin County. According to the U.S. Census, the population of San Rafael in 2010 was 57,713 and there were 24,011housing units. The California Department of Finance estimates the population of San Rafael in 2005 was 56,296.2 San Rafael enjoys a temperate climate, with cool, wet, and almost frostless winters and dry summers. The city is located in climate zone 2, and experienced an estimated 3,649 heating degree days and 292 cooling degree days in 2005. The year 2010 was relatively cooler, with 4,027 heating degree days and 168 cooling degree days. COMMUNITY INVENTORY SUMMARY In 2005, the activities taking place by the San Rafael community resulted in approximately 375,845 metric tons of CO2e. In 2010, those activities resulted in approximately 345,516 metric tons of CO2e, a reduction of 30,329 metric tons, or 8.1%. These numbers represent a roll -up of emissions. While the roll -up is a valuable figure, the breakdown of emissions information by sectors, sources, and scope allows the comparative analysis and insight needed for effective decision-making for target setting, developing GHG reduction measures, and monitoring. The following summaries break down these totals by sector, sources, and scope. SU=.`=7MARY BY SECTOR As shown in Table 4 and Figure 1, the transportation sector was the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions in both 2005 and 2010 (47% of total emissions in 2005 and 49% in 2010). Emissions from the residential energy sector produced the second highest quantity (24% in 2005 and 25% in 2010), followed by the commercial energy sector (23% in 2005 and 22% in 2010). Emissions were reduced in all sectors except the wastewater sector, with the greatest reductions occurring in the commercial sector (13,403 metric tons CO2e), transportation sector (9,479 metric tons), and waste sector (4,376 metric tons CO2e). 2 California Department of Finance, "E-4 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State 2001-2010, with 2000 & 2001 Census Counts," August 2011. To make comparisons to U.S. Census data, this is the average between California Department of Finance estimates for January 1, 2005, and January 1, 2006. 3 Climate Zone information is supplied by the California Energy Commission, htto://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/renewable/Climate Zones by City. df, accessed 11/5/12. Heating and cooling degree days data for the North Coast Drainage Division is supplied by NOAA Satellite and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/CDODivisionalSelect.jsp, accessed 5/22/12. A heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to reflect demand for energy needed to heat a facility, while a cooling degree day (CDD) is used to reflect the demand on energy needed to cool a building. Degree days are calculated using daily temperature readings and a base temperature (typically 60 or 65 degrees). For example, a typical January day has an average temperature of 47 degrees. For such a day we can approximate the HDD as (65 - 47) = 18. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory TABLE 4:COMMUNITY EMISSIONS SUMMARY aYSECTOR, 2805AND 2U18 FIGURE l:COMMUNITY EMISSIONS aYSECTOR, 2O1O Commercial Waste 20, Wastewater 1% Water <1Y Off -Road 1% SUMMARY BY SOURCE denua| 3portation When considering how to reduce emissions, it is helpful to look not only at which sectors are generating emissions, but also at the specific mw resources and materials (gasoline, diesel, electricity, natural gas, solid waste, etc.) whose use and generation directly result in the release of greenhouse gases. Table 5 and Figure 2 provide summaries of San Rafae|'s 2005 and 2010 greenhouse gas emissions by source. Between 2005 and 20I0, emissions increased from the combustion of natural Ras (2'459 metric tons [02e) and the treatment of wastewater (38 metric tons [D'e' Emissions from all other sources declined, with the largest decreases occurring from electricity and gasoline sources. In 2010, the largest source ofemissions was gasoline (47Y6)' followed by natural gas (27Y6) and electricity (21%). n Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions TABLE 5:COMMUNITY EMISSIONS SUMMARY nvSOURCE, 2OU5AND 2010 FIGURE 2: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS evSOURCE, 2O10 SUx4K4xRYmYSCOPE Gasoline As shown in Table S, Scope 1 sources produced the largest amount ofcommunity greenhouse gas emissions in both 2005 and 2010, with emissions totaling 266,022 metric tons CO2e in 2010. Scope 2 emissions comprised the second largest amount (69,856 metric tons COze)' and Scope 3 emissions totaled 9,638 metric tons [02e. The greatest reduction occurred in Scope emissions, which represents emissions from the waste and water sectors. TABLE 6: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS SUMMARY BYSCOPE, 2OOSAND IO10 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory PEP CAPITA EMISSIONS Per capita emissions can be a useful metric for measuring progress in reducing greenhouse gases and for comparing one community's emissions with neighboring cities and against regional and national averages. That said, due to differences in emission inventory methods, it can be difficult to produce directly comparable per capita emissions numbers, and one must be cognizant that there will be some margin of error when comparing figures. As detailed in Table 7, dividing the total community -wide GHG emissions by service population (residents and employees) yields a result of 3.7 metric tons of CO2e per capita in 2005. Per capita emissions decreased 2.2% between 2005 and 2010, falling to 3.6 metric tons per person. It is important to understand that this number is not the same as the carbon footprint of the average individual living or working in San Rafael (which would include lifecycle emissions, emissions resulting from air travel, etc.). TABLE 7: PER CAPITA EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 COMMUNITY INVENTORY DETAIL BY SECTOR This section explores community activities and emissions by taking a detailed look at each primary sector. As listed above, the sectors included in the community emissions analysis are: ■ Residential ■ Commercial ■ Transportation ■ Off -Road Vehicles and Equipment ■ Waste ■ Water ■ Wastewater 'ESIDEN T IA1 S;E TOI, Energy consumption associated with San Rafael homes produced 89,715 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 and 87,694 metric tons in 2010, a decrease of 2.31. All residential sector emissions are the result of electricity consumption and the on-site combustion of natural gas and propane. Natural gas is typically used in residences as a fuel for home heating, water heating and cooking, and electricity is generally used for lighting, heating, and to power appliances. In 2005, San Rafael's entire residential sector consumed 132,638,035 kWh of electricity and 11,229,829 therms of natural gas. As shown in Table 8, electricity usage in San Rafael's residential sector decreased by 0.9% between 2005 and 2010, while emissions decreased by 11.31. This greater decline in GHG emissions occurred for two reasons. First, the carbon intensity of PG&E electricity declined 9% between 2005 and 2010. Second, some San Rafael residents San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory I began to purchase their electricity from the Marin Energy Authority (MEA) approximately mid -way through the year, resulting in about 6% of all residential kWh purchased through MEA in 2010. The carbon intensity of MEA electricity was about 27% lower than that supplied by PG&E in 2010 due to the higher percentage of renewable and non -greenhouse gas emitting energy sources in MEA's energy mix. The decline in PG&E's emissions from delivered electricity from 2005 to 2010 owed, in large part, to an increase in the amount of zero- and low -emitting electricity in their power portfolio and the expanded use of cleaner fossil - fueled electricity, including two new, state-of-the-art natural gas-fired plants that PG&E brought into service in 2010. More than half of PG&E's power came from a combination of non -greenhouse gas emitting and renewable sources in 2010. Several factors affect PG&E's power mix and emissions from year to year, including demand growth, the weather and the availability of hydro power. TABLE 8: RESIDENTIAL EMISSIONS SOURCES, 2005 AND 2010 Natural gas usage increased 2.3% between 2005 and 2010. This may be due, in part, to the fact that 2010 was a cooler year than 2005.4 Since the natural gas emissions factor does not fluctuate, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by the combustion of natural gas also increased 2.3%. As shown in Table 9 below, San Rafael residents generated approximately 3.9 metric tons of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions per household in 2010. This is a decrease of 1.5% per household since 2005.5 TABLE 9: RESIDENTIAL EMISSIONS PER HOUSEHOLD I Number of Households 22,930 22,764 I Residential GHG Emissions I 89,715 87,694 6 ( (metric tons COze) i Residential GHG Emissions per Household 3.91 3.85 (metric tons C92e) CC?€ ,r. EPCIA /I° DUSTRI.AL SECTOR The commercial and Industrial energy sector includes emissions from the operations of businesses as well as public agencies. Between 2005 and 2010, emissions in the commercial sector decreased by 15.21. In 2010, buildings and 4 See discussion on page 12. 5 Number of San Rafael households is from ABAG Projections 2009 and 2010 U.S. Census SF1:H. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory facilities within the commercial sector produced 74,713 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. All commercial sector emissions included in this inventory are the result of electricity consumption and the on-site combustion of natural gas. Natural gas is typically used in the commercial sector to heat buildings, fire boilers, and generate electricity; electricity is generally used for lighting, heating, and to power appliances and equipment. As shown in Table 10, electricity usage decreased by 10.3% in the commercial sector between 2005 and 2010, and emissions from electricity consumption decreased even more — by 25% — due to the same emission factor reasons explained in the section on residential emissions above. Natural gas usage increased 3.7%. The net effect was to decrease total emissions from the commercial sector by 15.2%. TABLE 10: COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR Emissions in the transportation sector are calculated by estimating all vehicle miles traveled on local roads within the city limits and a proportionate share of vehicle miles traveled on state highways that pass through San Rafael. Air travel and vehicle miles traveled outside of Marin County are not included in the analysis. In 2005, the transportation sector generated 177,338 metric tons of COze. By 2010, emissions from the transportation sector decreased by approximately 5.3% to 167,859 metric tons COZe. As shown in Table 11, vehicle miles traveled on local roads decreased 3% between 2005 and 2010, while vehicle miles traveled on state highways are estimated to have decreased by 1%. TABLE 11: TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 Decreases in transportation sector emissions are largely due to changes in fuel efficiency and the carbon intensity of transportation fuels. The Pavley I vehicle standards are over the long-term increasing fuel efficiency and decreasing emissions per vehicle mile. Fuel efficiency data available for this inventory show an increase in fuel efficiency from an average of 18.1 miles per gallon to an average of 18.5 miles per gallon for vehicles using gasoline San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ' between 2005 and 2010. California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard is reducing the carbon intensity of fuel over the long term, and some decreases in carbon intensity were measured between 2005 and 2010.6 OFF-ROAD SECTOR Emissions in the off-road sector are from the combustion of fuels used to power vehicles and equipment in the construction and lawn and garden categories, and include everything from hedge trimmers to cranes. As shown in Table 12, off-road emissions decreased by approximately 13.3% between 2005 and 2010. This decrease was due to a reduction in gasoline and diesel use in off-road vehicles and equipment, and an improvement in the carbon - intensity of fuels. Emissions from construction equipment and off-road vehicles, in particular, decreased by about 31%, a result of the decline in the construction industry since the peak of the real estate boom in 2006-2007. TABLE 12: OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 WA TEF SECTOR Emissions in the water sector are a result of Marin Municipal Water District's use of electricity to pump, treat, convey and distribute water from the water source to the water users in San Rafael. Emissions from the water sector decreased about 30.7% between 2005 and 2010 (see Table 13). This reduction is based on two factors: a decline in the amount of electricity needed to treat and distribute water, and a decline in the carbon intensity of the electricity provided by PG&E and the Marin Energy Authority (MEA). MMWD began purchasing electricity procured by the Marin Energy Authority about mid -way through 2010, and MEA electricity represented about 54% of the District's total electricity usage in that year. MEA's electricity was about 27% less carbon intensive than PG&E electricity in 2010. TABLE 13: WATER EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 6 See the Appendix for further information. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory j As shown in Figure 3, water use has declined from 138.7 gallons per person in 2005 to 119.8 gallons per person in 2010, a reduction of almost 14%. Water demand responds to a variety of factors, including economic conditions, precipitation patterns and weather conditions, water conservation fixture and behavioral changes, and water rate structure changes. MMWD has increased water rates significantly in recent years (9.7% in 2008, 7.31 in 2009, and 9.8% in 2010), and demand has most likely declined in response to these rate increases. The recession of December 2007 to June 2009, and the poor economic conditions that followed the official end of the recession, have also likely contributed to a reduction in water demand. FIGURE 3: MMWD PER CAPITA WATER USE, 2005 TO 2010 ' AST tl AT ER SECTOR Wastewater coming from homes and businesses is rich in organic matter and has a high concentration of nitrogen and carbon, along with other organic elements. As wastewater is collected, treated and discharged by the Central Marin Sanitation Agency, chemical processes in anaerobic conditions lead to the creation and emission of two greenhouse gases: methane and nitrous oxide. Emissions from the wastewater sector are estimated to have increased 2.6% between 2005 and 2010, due to an increase in the San Rafael population. TABLE 14: WASTEWATER EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 Emissions from the waste sector are an estimate of methane generation from the decomposition of municipal solid waste and alternative daily cover sent to the landfill in the 2005 and 2010. These emissions are considered Scope 3 because they are not generated in the base year, but will result from the decomposition of 2005 and 2010 waste San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory f over the full 100+ year cycle of its decomposition. About 75 percent' of landfill methane emissions are captured through landfill gas collection systems, but the remaining 25 percent escape into the atmosphere as a significant contributor to global warming. Emissions from waste generated by the San Rafael community in 2010 were 31% lower than 2005 due to a reduction in landfilled waste. TABLE 15: WASTE EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 Figure 4 shows the trend in county -wide waste generation between 2005 and 2010. Waste disposal decreased approximately 31% over that time period. County -wide waste disposal hit a high of nearly 309,000 tons in 2006, steadily declined over the next three years, and leveled off at just over 199,000 tons in 2010. FIGURE 4: COUNTYWIDE WASTE GENERATION, 2005 TO 2010 7 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors," AP -42, Fifth Edition, January 1995. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory GOVERNMENT PROFILE The City of San Rafael is a charter city and is governed by a four -member City Council and an elected mayor. The local government operates administrative, planning, building, public works, and recreations and childcare departments, as well as library, police and fire departments. In 2010, there were 362 total FT employees. Expenses for governmental activities for fiscal year 2010-2011 were $91,327,624. s GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY SUMMARY In 2005, San Rafael's government operations produced approximately 3,993 metric tons of CO2e. In 2010, those activities resulted in approximately 3,225 metric tons of CO2e, a reduction of 768 metric tons, or 19.2%. These numbers include all Scope 1 emissions from the on-site combustion of fuels in facilities and vehicles, Scope 2 emissions from the purchase of electricity generated outside San Rafael's borders, and Scope 3 emissions from waste generated by local government operations and transportation emissions from employee commutes. The following summaries break down these totals by sector, sources and scope. SUMMARY BY SECTOR As shown in Table 16, emissions from government operations increased in the waste sector and decreased in all other sectors. The greatest reduction occurred in the employee commute sector, which experienced a reduction in emissions of 499 metric tons CO2e, or nearly 37%. Other significant reductions occurred in the public lighting (130 metric tons), vehicle fleet (72 metric tons) and buildings and facilities sector (56 metric tons). Figure 4 shows that the vehicle fleet sector was the largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 (27%), followed by employee commute sector (26%) and the buildings and facilities sector (23%). TABLE 16: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY SECTOR, 2005 AND 2010 8 City of San Rafael 2011 Comprehensive Financial Audit Report, page 10. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory FIGURE 4: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2010 Employee Waste 7% Water Deliv 2% SUMMARY BY SOURCE Buildings & c„^'lities 3% Park Lighting 15% iicle Fleet 27% Table 17 shows a summary of the City's greenhouse gas emissions by source. Emissions decreased from gasoline and electricity sources and increased from natural gas, diesel and solid waste sources. The greatest decrease occurred in emissions from gasoline (623 metric tons, or -31%). Despite this significant decrease in gasoline emissions, gasoline was the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in San Rafael's governmental operations in 2010 (see Figure 5), contributing 42% of all emissions. Emissions from refrigerants were not calculated in the 2005 inventory, so 2010 refrigerant data was used as a proxy to estimate refrigerant emissions for 2005. TABLE 17: SUMMARY BY SOURCE, 2005 AND 2010 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 1—M FIGURE 5: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS BY SOURCE, 2010 Elect 39 Refrigerants <1% Solid Wast( SUMMARY BY SCOPE utesei yio Natural Gas 10% Gasoline 42% As shown in Table 18, Scope 1 sources, which represent emissions generated within the San Rafael city limits, produced the largest amount of greenhouse gas emissions from governmental operations in 2010. Scope 1 emissions declined 3% between 2005 and 2010. The largest decrease occurred in Scope 3 emissions, which include the waste and employee commute sectors. Scope 2 emissions, which represent electricity consumed within San Rafael but generated outside the City's borders, decreased by 20%. TABLE 18: GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY SCOPE, 2005 AND 2010 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS INVENTORY DETAIL BY SECTOR This section explores government operations and emissions by taking a detailed look at each primary sector. As listed above, the sectors included in the government operations emissions analysis are: ■ Buildings and Other Facilities • Streetlights and Traffic Signals ■ Water Delivery ■ Vehicle Fleet ■ Waste • Employee Commute San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory BUILDINGS AND OTHER FACILITIES Facilities operations contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in two major ways. First, facilities consume electricity and fuels such as natural gas, gasoline and diesel. This consumption is associated with the majority of greenhouse gas emissions from facilities. In addition, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment in buildings can emit hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) and other greenhouse gases when these systems leak refrigerants. Refrigerants are very potent greenhouse gases, and have Global Warming Potential (GWP) of up to many thousand times that of CO2. For example, HFC -134a, a very common refrigerant, has a GWP of 1300, or 1300 times that of CO2. Therefore, even small amounts of leaked refrigerants can have a significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions. In 2010, San Rafael operated several major facilities, including the City Hall, library and police station, fire stations, public works buildings, community centers, and childcare facilities. Data relating to electricity and natural gas consumption for buildings and facilities was obtained from PG&E and data for refrigerants and fuel used for backup generators were obtained from San Rafael staff. As shown in Table 19, emissions from the buildings sector decreased by 7% between 2005 and 2010. Electricity consumption increased by 6% but emissions decreased by 17% for two reasons. First, the carbon intensity of PG&E electricity was lower in 2010. Second, the City purchased approximately 53% of its electricity for buildings and other facilities from MEA in 2010; as noted earlier, the carbon intensity of MEA electricity was about 27% lower than that supplied by PG&E in 2010, due to the higher percentage of renewable and non -greenhouse gas emitting energy sources in MEA's energy mix. Natural gas consumption and emissions increased by 10%. Fugitive emissions from refrigerants used in air conditioners and refrigerators barely registered because most of the older equipment in San Rafael uses refrigerants that are being phased out and are not reported in the Local Government Operating Protocol. These emissions are reported separately and were discussed on page 8. TABLE 19: BUILDINGS AND OTHER FACILITIES EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 Table 20 shows electricity and natural gas usage by facility. While energy consumption went down or remained relatively stable in most facilities, there were a few notable exceptions. In particular, natural gas consumption increased 40% at City Hall and the redevelopment agency offices. One reason for this increase was the installation of a new HVAC system at City Hall in 2006; in 2005, the heating system was not working in the Council Chambers and the City Hall foyer. Electricity and natural gas use increased at community centers by 30°l and 13%, respectively. This is due to the fact that the Pickleweed Community Center was under construction in 2005. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory j TABLE 20: ENERGY USAGE AT SAN RAFAEL BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES STREETLIGHTS LIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS San Rafael operates streetlights, traffic signals, and other outdoor lighting. Emissions associated with the operation of this public lighting are from electricity consumption. The City replaced all holiday lighting with LED lighting, and electricity consumption for holiday lights decreased by nearly 50%. Overall, electricity consumption in the public lighting sector increased 2% between 2005 and 2010. Despite this increase in electricity use, emissions dropped by 21% due to the lower emission factors for PG&E and MEA electricity. In 2010, approximately 56% of the electricity used in the public lighting sector came from MEA. TABLE 21: STREETLIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNAL EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 W.-. "ER DELIVERY This sector includes any facilities used for the management and distribution of water. Typical systems included in this sector are potable water delivery pumps, sprinkler and irrigation controls, and stormwater management. The systems identified for this report and used by the City were water delivery pumps and sprinkler and irrigation systems. The source of San Rafael's water delivery emissions is from electricity consumption. Overall, electricity usage declined 14% and emissions dropped 30%. The City purchased about 37% of electricity used in the water delivery sector from MEA in 2010. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory r TABLE 22: WATER DELIVERY EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 VEHICLE FLEET The vehicles and mobile equipment used in San Rafael's daily operations include public works trucks and equipment, police cars and motorcycles, fire trucks, and vehicles for use by administration and other department staff. These vehicles and equipment burn gasoline and diesel, which result in greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, vehicles with air conditioning use refrigerants that leak from the vehicle. In 2010, San Rafael operated a fleet of approximately 170 vehicles. Table 23 shows that total fuel consumption and emissions decreased by 8% between 2005 and 2010. Fuel consumption decreased in all departments except the fire department, which increased 11%. TABLE 23: VEHICLE FLEET EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 WASTE Waste generated by government buildings and operations include organic material such as paper, food scraps, plant debris, textiles, and construction waste. This organic material generates methane as it decays in the anaerobic environment of a landfill. An estimated 75 percent of this methane is routinely captured via landfill gas collection systems; however, a portion escapes into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Emissions from waste are an estimate of methane generation that will result from the decomposition of all organic waste sent to the landfill in the inventoried year, even though those emissions will occur over the 100+ year timeframe that the waste will decompose. Waste generated by governmental operations increased by 11% between 2005 and 2010, and emissions increased by 12%. In particular, waste hauled by the City increased nearly 50%. This was due to a significant increase in San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory homeless encampment removals, brush removal in homeless encampment areas, and illegal dumping due to adverse economic conditions. TABLE 24: WASTE EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 community centers incivae cniiacare censers, community ana recreation censers, raWrK iviuseum ana me ruorary. 2 Other Facilities include fire stations, City hall, the police station, the corporation yard, and parking lots. EMPLOYEE CCSM`+ U TE Emissions in the employee commute sector are due to the combustion of fuels used by City employees commuting to and from work in San Rafael. Emissions dropped by 37%, due, in part, to a 15% reduction in the number of San Rafael employees. Table 25 shows that vehicle miles traveled decreased by 24% between 2005 and 2010, suggesting that the average commute may have decreased. Emissions per employee decreased 26%. This drop in emissions may also be attributed to an improvement in the fuel efficiency of the vehicles that San Rafael employees drive. However, it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions from the data, as emissions are determined from employee commute surveys, and changes from year to year may be due to differences in sampling. In addition, the City endeavored to collect more detailed data on the vehicles City employees drove in 2010, and emissions quantified for that year may be lower due to improved data collection. TABLE 25: EMPLOYEE COMMUTE EMISSIONS, 2005 AND 2010 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory CONCLUSION San Rafael has achieved significant early successes in reducing greenhouse gas emissions over the past five years. Community emissions decreased by 8.1% between 2005 and 2010, putting the City on track to reduce emissions by 22% below the 2005 baseline year if the community continues to reduce emissions at the current rate. Emissions decreased in all sectors except the wastewater sector. More than 60% of total community emissions reductions came from a decline in emissions from electricity use in the commercial and residential sectors. San Rafael can expect to see additional reductions from electricity emissions as PG&E and the Marin Energy Authority add more renewable sources to their energy portfolios. Since the Marin Energy Authority began supplying electricity to some of its customers midway through 2010, emissions reductions attributed to the switch to MEA's greener electricity were not fully realized in that year. Therefore, San Rafael will most likely see additional reductions in electricity emissions in subsequent years. An increase in the number of customers who sign up for 100% renewable electricity from MEA could further reduce San Rafael's community emissions. Despite the potential for greener electricity, residents and businesses need to do their part to reduce energy demand in homes and commercial buildings. Natural gas consumption increased in 2010, and emissions rose lockstep with consumption. In order to reduce emissions from natural gas consumption, consumers can reduce demand by better insulating and sealing buildings, turning down the thermostat, and installing solar -powered water heaters. Emissions reductions in the transportation sector had a significant effect on the bottom line. Further reductions in transportation emissions can be expected as state mandates to increase vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce the carbon intensity of transportation fuels take hold. Locally, the City can continue to implement programs and provide infrastructure to increase travel by bicycle, foot, and alternative means of transportation. Electric vehicles also offer much promise to reduce emissions significantly in the community, especially since the electricity provided by local utilities is significantly lower in greenhouse gas emissions than most other electricity producers in the rest of the country. One of the brightest spots in the inventory came from the waste sector, which saw a reduction in emissions of nearly 341. Programs to divert food waste from the landfill, recycle more construction and demolition debris, and achieve zero waste goals in Marin County should continue to reduce emissions in this sector. Within government operations, emissions decreased 19.2%. Emissions declined in most sectors, with the majority occurring in the employee commute, public lighting and buildings and facilities sectors. About two-thirds of the reductions occurred in the employee commute sector, which was due, in part, to a reduction in the number of City employees between 2005 and 2010. Excluding employee commute emissions, total emissions from government operations decreased 10.2% San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory The City's decision to use Marin Clean Energy electricity for all facilities had a significant, positive effect on emissions in 2010 and can be expected to further reduce emissions in subsequent years. The City can reduce emissions even more by completing measures in its Climate Action Plan, including retrofitting additional streetlights with energy efficient lamps, installing renewable energy systems, completing energy efficiency upgrades, purchasing more fuel-efficient vehicles, and implementing commute incentives for City employees. Staff should always be aware of the impact their decisions have on the environment. San Rafael has made an excellent start. If the community's emissions are to continue to decline, then residents, businesses, and other organizations must modify their energy consumption and travel patterns and support more clean energy from utility providers. San Rafael can serve as a model to others in curbing greenhouse gas emissions by implementing programs in the Climate Change Action Plan. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory j APPENDIX A: COMMUNITY INVENTORY SCOPING AND REPORTING Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion x equipment San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix y IE Included in PG&E data for Industrial stationary combustion sources commercial built environment Power generation in the community €lettricity NO Use of electricity by the community x District Pleating/ District heating/cooling facilities in the community NO Cooling Use of district heating/cooling by the community NO Industrial process emissions in the community NE Refrigerant leakage in the community NE Ota road On -road passenger vehicles operating within the x community boundary Passenger Vehicles On -road passenger vehicle travel associated with x community land uses On -road freight and service vehicles operating within x On -road Freight the community boundary Vehicles On -road freight and service vehicle travel associated x with community land uses On -road transit vehicles operating within the community boundary x Transit rail vehicles operating within the community NO Transit Rail ' boundary Use of transit rail travel by the community NE Inter -city passenger rail vehicles operating within the community NO boundary Freight rail vehicles operating within the community boundary NO Marine vessels operating within the community NE Marine boundary Use of ferries by the community NE Off-road surface vehicles and other mobile equipment operating within x the community boundary Use of air travel by the community NE San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix y Operation of solid waste disposal facilities in the community Generation and disposal of solid waste by the x communitv Operation of water delivery facilities in the Potable Water community Energy Use Use of energy associated with use of potable water x by the community Use of energy associated with generation of wastewater by the Use of Process emissions from operation of wastewater treatment facilities located in the community Process emissions associated with generation of wastewater by the community ms in the communitv Domesticated animal production Manure decomposition and treatment Upstream impacts of fuels used in stationary applications by the community Upstream and transmission and distribution (T&D) impacts of purchased electricity used by the community Upstream impacts of fuels used for transportation in trips associated with the community Upstream impacts of fuels used by water and wastewater facilities for water used and wastewater generated within the community boundary Upstream impacts of select materials (concrete, food, paper, carpets, etc.) used by the whole community NO IE Included in PG&E and MEA data for commercial built environment IE Included in PG&E data for commercial built environment Wastewater treatment facility is located in the community but only IE process emissions associated with generation of wastewater by the community are reported x NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE IE — Included Elsewhere: Emissions for this activity are estimated and presented in another category of the inventory. The category where these emissions are included should be noted in explanation. NE — Not Estimated: Emissions occur but have not been estimated or reported (e.g., data unavailable, effort required not justifiable). NA — Not Applicable: The activity occurs but does not cause emissions; explanation should be provided. NO — Not Occurring: The source or activity does not occur or exist within the community. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL SECTOR MOTES 2005 DATA SUMMARY 010 DATA SUMMARY 2005 EMISSION FACTORS I > I Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010, I CO2 0.48916 Ibs/kwh I Table G.6, Utility Specific Verified Electricity CO2 Emission I Factors I CH4 i 0.000030 lbs/kWh Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010, N20 1 0.000011 lbs/kWh G.7 California Grid Average Electricity Emission Factors s ? I CO, i 0.94828 lbs/kWh Default Direct CH4 Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010, 0.000030 lbs/kWh l Access Electricity i W G.7 California Grid Average Electricity Emission Factors N20 10.000011 lbs/kWh San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix I F_ 1 1 Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010 CO2 53.02 kg/MMBtu Table G.1 U.S. Default Factors for Calculating Carbon Dioxide Emission from Fossil Fuel Combustion. Natural Gas CH4 0.005 kg/MMBtu Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010, N20 0.001 kg/MMBtu Table G.3 Default Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors by Fuel type and Sector JO1DEMISSION FACTORS -green house -gas -emissions/ overnment Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, ay 2010, G.7 California Grid Average Electricity Emission Factors N20 0.000010 lbs/kWh (2007 factors used) CO2 0.65868 lbs/kWh eGric12012 Version 1.0 Year 2009 Summary Tables Default Direct __j CH, r__ 0.00002894 lbs/kWh http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/egridzips/eGRID Access Electricity N,O 0.00000617 lbs/kWh Marin Energy Authority, Light Green and Deep Green Emission factor is Marin Energy combined. not certified. Authority FCH,4 0.000029 lbs/kWh Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May -n__] I 2010, G.7 California Grid Average Electricity Emission Factors N 2-0 0.000010 lbs/kWh (2007 factors used) Local vernment Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May CO2 53.02 kg/MM Btu 2010, Table GA U.S. Default Factors for Calculating Carbon Dioxide Emission from Fossil Fuel Combustion Natural Gas 0.005 kg/MMBtu 1, Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.1, May 2010, Table G.3 Default Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission N20 0.0001 kg/MMBtu I Factors by Fuel type and Sector D4TA SOURCES PG&E Electricity and Natural Gas Data: John Joseph, ](U3@pge.cum,yWathew5tu,m,K4wSs@pOe.com. Direct Access Electricity: California Energy Commission (CEQSteven Mac, Smac@energy.gate.caus Marin Energy Authority: Justin Kudo, . Propane/LPG use estimated from number of households using propane/LPG as a home heating source from the 2010 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimate (Table B25040) and average site consumption ofpropane/LPG from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Average Consumption by Fuels Used, 2005, Table US9 and Household Site Fuel Consumption in the West Region, Totals and Averages, 2009 (Table CE2.5). Wood and fuel oil use was excluded because average site consumption data was not reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration for 2U09and nocomparison could bemade between the two years. 4DD|T|OmAiLNOTE5 Data analyzed by Christine O'Rourke, Marin Climate and Energy Partnership Sustainability Coordinator, christineo@comcastoet. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix Estimations ofelectricity purchased through Direct Access (DA) contracts are derived from county level DA consumption figures, provided by the California Energy Commission. 2005 emissions were recalculated using updated activity data provided by PG&E and 2005 emission factors from the LG0 Protocol. Activity data for direct access electricity was revised due to a change in the methodology to allocate direct access among jurisdictions. TRANSPORTATION SECTOR NOTES 2005 DATA SUxxxxAxv 2005 Emissm FACTORS' PROVIDED BY THE BAAQMD, USING EMFAr 2007 2010 DATA SUrwoxARY: 20I0 Exx|GS0m FACTORS' PROVIDED e,THE BxxQrmo' us/ws Exxp:C 2087 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix DATA SOURCE State Highway and Local Roads Vehicle Miles Traveled (VNT)Data: ZOOSPubUcRoadnData Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) division of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hpms/hpmslibrary/hpmspdf/2005PRD.pdf; 2010 Public Roads Data, HPIVIS division of Caltrans, http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/hpms/hpmslibrary/hpmspdf/2010PRD.pdf. State highway VMT determined according to section 1.4.3 of BAAQMD GHG Plan Level Guidance, November 3, 2011. State highway VMT determined according to section 1.4.3 of Bay Area Air Quality Management DistrictGHG Plan Level Guidance, November I2O11. 2006 and 3010 data was calculated using emission factors and fuel usage estimates provided by the Buy Area Air Quality Management District. Data was provided by Amir Fanai, Principal Air Quality Engineer, Bay Area Air Quality K8onagementDisthct,AFanai@baaqmd.gov. ADDITIONAL NOTES Data analyzed byChristine {/Rnu/ke Marin Climate and Energy Partnership Sustainability Coordinator, Local Road and State Highway VMT data provided by MTC is in Daily VMT (DVMT); Annual VMT = DVMT x 365. Fleet mix data (on -road fleet breakdown byvehicle type, fuel efficiency, and fuel type) was used to extrapolate VMT into actual gallons of gasoline and diesel consumed on Marin roads and state highways. OFF-ROAD VEHICLES AND EQuIPMENT SECTOR NOTES 21005 SUMMARY 2O1ODATA SUMMARY San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix Fuel usage data provided by Steve Zelinka, Manager, Emission Inventory Development Section, California Air Resources Board, szelinka@arb.ca.gov. Fuel usage was provided at the county level and allocated to individual cities according to population. ADDITIONAL NOTES Data analyzed by Christine O'Rourke, Marin Climate and Energy Partnership Sustainability Coordinator, christine.o@comcast.net. LT i _► •i • 2005 DATA SUMMARY 2010 DATA SUMMARY DATA SOURCES Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) electricity usage provided by Jon LaHaye, MMWD Principal Engineer, jlahaye@marinwater.org and Jamie Tuckey, Marin Energy Authority Communications Director, jtuckey@marinenergyauthority.org. Electricity usage was provided for the service area population and allocated to individual cities on a per capita basis. ADDIT€ NAv NOTES 2005 population estimates from CA Dept. of Finance E-4 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and State 2001- 2010 with 2000 and 2010 Census Counts. 2005 population estimate is mid -point between 1/1/2005 and 1/1/2006 estimates. 2010 population from 2010 U.S. Census. Data analyzed by Christine O'Rourke, Marin Climate and Energy Partnership Sustainability Coordinator, christine.o@comcast.net. ___1 =_1 I San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix j WASTEWATER SECTOR NOTES 2005 DATA SUMMARY 2010 DATA SUMMARY Wastewater treatment data provided by Robert Cole, Environmental Services Manager, Central Marin Sanitation Agency, rcole@crosa.us, 415-459-1455 ext. 142. 2005 population estimate from CA Dept. of Finance E-4 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and State 2001- 2010 with 2000 and 2010 Census Counts. 2005 population estimate is mid -point between 1/1/2005 and 1/1/2006 estimates. 2010 population from 2010 U.S. Census. ADD!T 10NA1 NOTES Data analyzed by Christine O'Rourke, Marin Climate and Energy Partnership Sustainability Coordinator, christine.o@comcast.net Treatment process emissions calculated according to ICLEI CACP methodology for process N20 emissions from a centralized wastewater treatment plant and stationary CH4 emissions from an anaerobic digester. WASTE SECTOR NOTES 200DATA SUMMARY San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix ry 2010 DATA SUMMARY DATA SOURCES Municipal solid waste and ADC tonnage data: CalRecycle Disposal Reporting System http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Reports/DRS/Destination/JurDspFa.aspx and Alex Soulard, Waste Management Specialist, ASoulard@marincounty.org, County of Marin Public Works Department - Waste Management. Landfilled waste characterization: Final Draft Zero Waste Feasibility Study, Marin County Hazardous and Solid Waste Management JPA, R3 Consulting Group, December 2009, http://www.marinrecycles.org/Docs/Final — Draft_ Zero_ Waste _Feasibi lity_Study_121609. pdf. ADC waste characterization: CalRecycle, "Alternative Daily Cover (ADC) by Jurisdiction of Origin and Material Type," http://www.caIrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/Reports/Viewer.aspx?P=ReportName%3dEdrsJurisAndMaterials%26Coun tylD%3d21%26ReportYear%3d2005 and http://www.caIrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentra I/Reports/Viewer.aspx?P=ReportName%3d EdrsJ u risAnd Materia ls%26Cou n tylD%3d21%26Repo rtYear%3d2010 LANDFILLED WASTE CHARACTERIZAT;0N, 2005 AND 2010 ALTERNAT -E DAILY COVES WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, 2005 ALTER NIAT I E DAILY COVER WASTE CHARACTERIZAT[O , 2010 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix E ADDITIONAL NOTES Waste emissions are calculated using ICLEI's Clean Air and Climate protection 2009 Software, Version 3.0. The methane emission factors used in ICLEI's CACP Software were derived from the EPA WARM model. For quantification of emissions, only methane generation (or gross emissions) is taken into account. These emissions are estimated to take place over an extensive (up to 100 year) cycle, as anaerobically degradable organic carbon decomposes in a landfill. More information on the WARM Model is available at: http://epa.gov/cl i matechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html. 2005 solid waste tonnage and emissions were recalculated using municipal solid waste and ADC tonnage data (including sludge ADC) provided by County of Marin Public Works Department Waste Management Division, updated waste characterization from the Final Draft Zero Waste Feasibility Study, Marin County Hazardous and Solid Waste Management JPA, R3 Consulting Group, December 2009, and updated ADC waste characterization from CalRecycle 2005 report, "Alternative Daily Cover (ADC) by Jurisdiction of Origin and Material Type" for Marin County. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix K BuILDINGS AND OTHER FACILITIES SECTOR NOTES bGOPROTOCOL — EMISSIONS BYSCOPE AND ErN|8S|ONTYPE, 21OOG "GO PROTOCOL — EMISSIONS 8YSCOPE AND EN1|SS0mTYPE, 2O1O ZUO5emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael ZOO5Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and 2005 emission factors from the LGO Protocol. Since refrigerants were not inventoried in 2005,2010 refrigerant data was used as a proxy. 2010 energy usage was provided by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) based on energy usage of PG&E service accounts. MEA electricity usage data provided by Jamie Tuckey, Marin Energy Authority Communications Director, jtuckey@marinenergyauthority.org. Energy usage data included electricity in units of kilowatt hours (kWh) and natural gas ln thermal units (therms). Backup generators for buildings and facilities were recorded byamount of fuel consumed, and fuel type. LGO Protocol recommended methods were followed in collection and analysis of this activity data. See Appendix A for emission factors. Refrigerant type and capacity for air conditioning systems, chillers, refrigerators, and stand-alone commercial applications (water coolers, vending machines, ice makers, etc.) were provided by San Rafael staff. LGO Protocol alternate methods were followed in collection and analysis of refrigerant activity data. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix STREETLIGHTS AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS SECTOR NOTES LGO PROTOCOL -m EMISSIONS BY SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 2005 LGO PR T OCOL m EMISSIONS BY SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 2010 2005 emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael 2005 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and 2005 emission factors from the LGO Protocol. 2010 energy usage was provided by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) based on energy usage of PG&E service accounts. MEA electricity usage data provided by Jamie Tuckey, Marin Energy Authority Communications Director, ituckev@marinenergyauthority.org. Energy usage data included electricity in units of kilowatt hours (kWh). LGO Protocol recommended methods were followed in collection and analysis of this activity data. See Appendix A for emission factors. WATER DELIVERY SECTOR NOTES LGO PROTOCOL ~— EMISSIONS BY SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 2005 PROTOCOLLGO X155.€. a BY SrOPE AND EP>1€SSlN TYPE, 201 San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix IT= 2005 emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael 2005 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and 2005 emission factors from the LGO Protocol. 2010 energy usage was provided by Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) based on energy usage of PG&E service accounts. MEA electricity usage data provided by Jamie Tuckey, Marin Energy Authority Communications Director, ituckey@marinenergyauthority.org. Energy usage data included electricity in units of kilowatt hours (kWh). LGO Protocol recommended methods were followed in collection and analysis of this activity data. See Appendix A for emission factors. VEHICLE FLEET SECTOR NOTES LGO PROTOCOL-® EmissiONS BY SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 2005 LGO PROTOCOL-- EMISSIONS ONS BY SCOPE, AND EMISSION TYPE. 2010 2005 emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael 2005 Greenhouse Gas Inventory, updated activity data for the police department vehicles, and updated default emission factors from the LGOP. VMT was estimated from fuel consumption data. 2005 reporting departments were grouped as follows: Public Works: Public Works Department, Parks Department, Facility Repair, and San Quentin Police: Police Department Fire: Fire Department All Others: Community Services, Computer Technical Support, Code Enforcement, Print Shop, Planning Department and Building Inspection, Redevelopment Agency, Park Services (Parking Enforcement) 2010 vehicle fleet data was provided by San Rafael staff. LGO Protocol methods were followed in collection and analysis of vehicle fuel consumption and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). In some cases, VMT was estimated according to fuel consumption and estimated vehicle fuel efficiency. Emissions were calculated using default emission factors from the LGOP. 2010 reporting departments were grouped as follows: Public Works: Public Works Department and Parks Department Police: Police and Police Administration Fire: Fire, Fire Non -Emergency and Fire Prevention San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix All Others: Community Services, Building, Redevelopment, Code Enforcement, IT, Print Shop, and Parking Enforcement. Refrigerant capacities for vehicles were estimated using sources provided by ICLEL LGO Protocol alternate methods were followed in collection and analysis ofrefrigerant activity data. As refrigerant emissions were not included in the 2005 Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 2010 activity data and emissions were used as a proxy for 2005 data. WASTE SECTOR NOTES LGOPnOTUCOL—EKx|SS0mSeYSCOPE AND Exx|SS0mTYPE, 2OD5 L6OPROTOCOL — EMISSIONS BYSCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 2O1D EKX|S8UNFACTOVS 2005 solid waste emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael 2005 Greenhouse Gas inventory and updated waste characterization from the Final Draft Zero Waste Feasibility Study, Marin County Hazardous and Solid Waste Management JPA, R3 Consulting Group, December 2009, 201Osolid waste collection data for quantity ofcontainers, container size, pick-ups per week was provided byNeil Roscoe atMarin Sanitary District. Containers were assumed tobeI00% filled at75lbs. cubic yard. Landfilled waste characterization: Final Draft Zero Waste Feasibility Study, Marin County Hazardous and Solid Waste Management JPA, R3Consulting Group, December 2O0S, http:/I)�jww.marinrecvcles.org/Docs/Final Draft Zero Waste Feasibility Study 121609 df. Waste characterization adjusted for City self -haul waste. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix LANDFILLED WASTE CHARACTERIZATION, 2005 AND 2010 EMPLOYEE COMMUTE SECTOR NOTES LGO PROTOCOL -EMISSONS Br SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 200 LGO r ROT0001 -- EMISSIONS 5Y SCOPE AND EMISSION TYPE, 20110 2005 emissions were recalculated using activity data from the San Rafael 2005 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and emission factors from the LGOP. The previous inventory did adjust response data for employee holidays, vacation days, and sick days. Employee VMT recorded for heavy trucks were re -categorized as light trucks. For the 2010 inventory, the City distributed commute surveys to its employees regarding travel mode, vehicle type and model year, fuel type, time of travel to work, and miles traveled to work. Information provided by respondents was used to determine fuel efficiency at www.fueleconomy.gov and estimate gallons of fuel consumed. Weekly data were converted into annual VMT data assuming 10 vacation days, 10 sick days and 10 holidays for most full- time employees. Ninety-seven employees responded to the survey, a response rate of 56°l. Estimates for total employee commutes were extrapolated from this data. San Rafael 2010 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix C =r - cu < 0 --j N rD - 3 o a CL cu (D rD rD (D 3 M o 3 O w (DQ CL (D rD 0 0 (D D r cu G) m m 3. (D 0 w :E p NJ a- i�: 5 --j 0 2) r+ r+ M 0 (Dm0 Ll. 'E 'nD � m -0 on --j CL CL 0 0 w w rD n 27 fA C: M ID CD CL = < C: w ED 3 0 0 0 c CL ST 67 rD tj = X o 0 " + m n w 3 C) w =3 0- (D r) CL ID 0 3 rD 0 a- 0 c w :3 CL 0 q CU = w = C (D M CL CL N (D :3 3 0 > w rD0 (D W (D 3 m n W > m 3 0 (D -0 Ln 0 0 N. 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SRRA / SRCC AGENDA ITEM NO. I+ J?, - DATE OF MEETING: 7/1/2013 FROM: Cory Bytof DEPARTMENT: City Manager's Office DATE: 6/25/2013 TITLE OF DOCUMENT: RECEIVE AND ACCEPT REPORTS AND PRESENTATIONS ON THE 2010 GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTOR -AND THE GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGY ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2011 er# Head `sigr�ature) (LOWER HALF OF FORM FOR APPROVALS ONLY) APPROVED AS COUNCIL / AGENCY APPROVED AS TO FORM: AGENDA ITEM: City Manager (sig ature) City Att6rney (signature) NINAYTIRTHR